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Before a command is executed, its input and output may be redirected. The following may appear anywhere in a simple command or may precede or follow a complex command. Substitution occurs before word is used except as noted below. If the result of substitution on word produces more than one filename, redirection occurs for each separate filename in turn.
<word
>word
NO_CLOBBER
option is set, this causes an error; otherwise, it is truncated to zero
length.
>!word
>
, except that the file is truncated to zero length if it
exists, even if NO_CLOBBER
is set.
>>word
NO_CLOBBER
option is set, this causes an error; otherwise, the
file is created.
>>!word
>>
, except that the file is created if it does not exist,
even if NO_CLOBBER
is set.
<<[-]word
\
, no interpretation is placed upon the characters of the
document. Otherwise, parameter and command substitution occurs,
\
followed by a newline is removed, and \
must be used to
quote the characters \
, $
, `
, and the first
character of word. If <<-
is used, then all leading tabs
are stripped from word and from the document.
<<<word
<&digit
dup(2)
). Similarly for standard output using
>&digit
.
>&word
>word 2>&1
.
>>&word
>>word 2>&1
.
<&-
>&-
<&p
>&p
If one of the above is preceded by a digit, then the file descriptor referred to is that specified by the digit (instead of the default 0 or 1). The order in which redirections are specified is significant. The shell evaluates each redirection in terms of the (file descriptor, file) association at the time of evaluation. For example:
... 1>fname 2>&1
first associates file descriptor 1 with file fname. It then associates file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file descriptor 1 (that is, fname). If the order of redirections were reversed, file descriptor 2 would be associated with the terminal (assuming file descriptor 1 had been) and then file descriptor 1 would be associated with file fname.
If the user tries to open a file descriptor for writing more than once,
the shell opens the file descriptor as a pipe to a process that copies
its input to all the specified outputs, similar to tee(1)
. Thus:
date >foo >bar
writes the date to two files, named `foo' and `bar'. Note that a pipe is an implicit indirection; thus
date >foo | cat
writes the date to the file `foo', and also pipes it to cat
.
If the user tries to open a file descriptor for reading more than once,
the shell opens the file descriptor as a pipe to a process that copies
all the specified inputs to its output in the order specified, similar
to cat(1)
. Thus
sort <foo <fubar
or even
sort <f{oo,ubar}
is equivalent to `cat foo fubar | sort'. Similarly, you can do
echo exit 0 >> *.sh
Note that a pipe is an implicit indirection; thus
cat bar | sort <foo
is equivalent to `cat bar foo | sort' (note the order of the inputs).
If a simple command consists of one or more redirection operators and
zero or more parameter assignments, but no command name, the command
cat
is assumed. Thus
< file
prints the contents of file
.
If a command is followed by &
and job control is not active, then
the default standard input for the command is the empty file
`/dev/null'. Otherwise, the environment for the execution of a
command contains the file descriptors of the invoking shell as modified
by input/output specifications.
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